Localize Access to Renewable Energies in Morocco

The effects of climate change are more and more present in Morocco, which has been identified as a very vulnerable country by the 4th Assessment Report of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Moroccan regions are affected by drought, increase of average temperatures, heat waves, changing rainfall patterns, extreme rainfalls, floods, and sea level rise. Since the 1960s, an increase of 1° C has been observed throughout the entire country. Along with the temperature changes, the mountain snow cover will further decrease. Rainfall has become more erratic and has declined by 3-30% in different regions. The seasonal pattern has also changed with increased precipitation—longer and intense rainfalls—in October and November, often causing floods and substantial reductions during the rest of the year. Dry periods have become longer, particularly at the end of the rainy season. Extreme weather events, such as heat waves, extreme rainfalls, floods, and droughts, have become more frequent and more severe.

Since the Rio conference in 1992, Morocco has shown great commitment to support its transition to sustainable development. Sustainable Development has been integrated at the highest legislative level, with the 2011 Constitution and the 2014 Charte Nationale de l'Environnement et du Développement Durable. Morocco was one of the first countries to develop a climate change strategy and action plan, with its National Plan Against Global Warming. It has ratified a number of international climate agreements (e.g. Kyoto Protocol, NAMA) and is actively involved in the UNFCC Process. Today, the Policy on Climate Change of Morocco is the main policy document that supports the application of Morocco's vision in terms of climate change. It offers a coordinated approach to the different strategies and plans already initiated, as well as an operational framework until 2040. The recent submission of the Intended Nationally Determined Contribution and the elaboration of a Green Investment Plan are supporting these commitments.

After a resurgence of COVID-19 during the summer of 2021, the number of new infections fell considerably in September and October of that year. Morocco launched its nationwide vaccination campaign in January 2021: This has been rolled out in waves, focusing initially on the most vulnerable age groups. The country’s vaccination drive aims to inoculate, for free, all Moroccan citizens and residents aged 12 and above, in keeping with King Mohammed VI’s instructions. As of September, about half (48.6%) the Moroccan population of almost 37 million was fully vaccinated.

The government has also started to roll out the roadmap to economic recovery the King announced in July 2020. Besides promising the reform of State-Owned Enterprises, it has approved a law that sets in motion the universalization of social protection systems for the entire population, including health insurance and family allowances. These involve universal access to public health services. The law and the decree creating the Mohammed VI Fund, which supports these services, were adopted in December 2020 and February 2021, respectively.

We hired a second project assistant in Douar Lakdirat, Jnan Bouih, Youssoufia province, where we implemented the pilot project. The main reason for hiring is to ensure regular and thorough communication with the local community and keep an eye on the needs of the pilot project, which was very helpful to follow the project. We worked on developing the understanding of renewable energy, but first we started with personal development and followed up with other workshops like participatory planning, cooperative building, and various technical trainings in the nursery for 23 women.

Adjustments to Project Plan

The pre-planning of the pilot project included a solar-heated hammam, a trough, solar-powered ovens, a fruit tree nursery with solar-powered water pump, a well, solar-powered water pumps for the school and the community, and expanded agricultural production. The action started by looking for the well and doing a test. Unfortunately, after the test of digging the well 200 meters deep, we realized that there is not enough water, so we dug a second well and made a connected system between both wells to serve for irrigation for the nursery. It is now well-equipped and includes solar-powered pumps for the water tower, too. The women also benefited from several workshops on how to manage the nursery. As a result, they planted 120,000 seeds of different organic trees, including carob, Argan, fig, pomegranate, and almonds.

It was eventually realized that since a hammam would consume a big quantity of water, if it were built as planned, then the community would not have enough water for drinking (the area suffers from severe climate change effects and high salinity in the groundwater). As a result, the community suggested not building a hammam because it requires too much water, and there is also no one to repair it if something is damaged. The community members have limited incomes, so they agreed instead to have the water tower connected to a fountain to connect the village with drinking water so that it will take less time and funding to implement, and then to install a water treatment system to have safe drinking water.

The solar ovens were not purchased, and we instead purchased more seeds to be planted in the nursery. We also included two water treatment systems (one for the water tower and one for the school). Digging more wells to find enough water obliged us to make these changes and to meet the needs of the community.

It was planned to connect the school in Al Joulane with water from the village. However, because of the distance and unsecured connection due to the clogging of the tubes as well as the cost being 10 percent of the total budget, we dug a well accompanied by solar panels at the school and connected the toilet services and building with a water treatment system.

The pilot project targets the community of 26 families in Douar Lakdirat, Jnan Bouih commune in Youssoufia province. Twenty-three women and youth benefited from different workshops.

The project targeted two regions: Douar Lakdirat in Youssoufia province, where there were changes and updates in the pilot project related to level consistent access to water. Anamer (Al Haouz Province) as an expanded project targeted a community with a similar lack of water, and through the project, we were able to dig a well that is powered by solar water pumps.

The changes in the planned measures have had a positive impact on achieving the objectives of the project. Enhanced access to water was ensured through the building of three wells: one for clean drinking water with treatment, another one for irrigating the nursery, and a third for the school, where students and teachers have access to clean drinking water as well. Also, building a water tower and not building hamam saved water in response to Morocco’s lack of rain.

The project's objectives during the course were adjusted. Therefore, we made changes to the pilot project due to the effects of climate change on the area and updated solutions that are positive for the environment and based on the community’s needs and advice of renewable energy experts in order to find the best sustainable solutions for the project.

Implementation

Water was the biggest challenge, causing many changes in the planned project, like replacing materials to make sure that the local community has good access to water. For example, eliminating the cost of the hammam changed the amount to be spent on materials. We also did water tests and treatments after digging the wells so the community’s drinking water is sufficiently clean and healthy, where before it was salty and had bacteria.

We held participatory approach and community meetings to define the priorities for Jnan Bouih, which helped us to reach the objectives. The High Atlas Foundation (HAF) informed local authorities about each visit and what was accomplished with the community. Because of this communication, we were able to meet with community members under the Covid-19 Protocol restrictions (2021-2022).

We hired another project assistant in the field for monitoring and to ensure good communication with the community during implementation. This was a good decision and contributed to the project’s success. It cost less in travel, which was also impacted by the closing of intercity travel due to the Covid situation in Morocco. The election also caused difficulty in following up and a challenge to implement the project during the implementation.